Kidney Failure in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and How to Prevent It

Increasing cases of kidney failure in children

As of February 2023, WHO had reported over 300 cases of acute kidney failure in children. More than half of the children who experienced acute kidney failure died.

According to the Indonesian Pediatrician Association (IDAI), one in every five children aged 12–18 years experiences hematuria (blood in the urine) or proteinuria (protein in the urine), which are early symptoms of kidney disease.

This trend suggests that parents should pay more attention to their children's diets and lifestyles, as well as early detection of kidney disease and diabetes.

Types of kidney failure in children

1. Acute kidney failure (AKI)

Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and usually lasts for a short time. If left untreated, this condition can have long-term effects and even be life-threatening.

2. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD develops slowly over a long time, often over months or years. If not treated, CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). To survive in this condition, patients need dialysis or have a kidney transplant.

Causes of kidney failure in children

Kidney failure in children can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Infections, such as urinary tract infections or bacterial infections.
• Premature birth, which increases the risk of kidney problems.
• Genetic diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome or polycystic kidney disease.
• Use of certain medications without medical supervision, which can damage the kidneys.
• Severe dehydration, especially in infants and toddlers.
• Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks healthy kidney cells.
• Unhealthy diet, such as consuming foods high in salt and excessive additives.

Symptoms of kidney failure in children

In the early stages, symptoms of kidney failure in children are often difficult to recognize. However, some signs to watch out for include:

• decreased appetite and weakness;
• swelling in the face, abdomen, or legs;
• abnormal urination (too often or rarely);
• dehydration;
• skin looks pale or dry;
• nausea or vomiting for no apparent reason.

How to prevent kidney failure in children

Preventing kidney failure early is critical to maintain children's health. Here are some preventive steps that can be taken:

• Prevent dehydration by ensuring that your child drinks enough water every day.
• Prevent infection by maintaining genital hygiene and avoiding holding in urine.
• Monitor urination patterns and consult a doctor if there are significant changes.
• Pay attention to kidney health from an early age by getting regular health checks, especially if there is a family history of kidney disease.
• Avoid giving medication without a doctor's prescription, especially painkillers or antibiotics, which can burden the kidneys.
• Limit your intake of foods high in salt and additives, such as instant foods and packaged sweet drinks.

Medical treatments for kidney failure in children

If a child experiences kidney failure, several treatment options can be done. In general, management consists of slowing the worsening of kidney function, preventing and treating complications, and replacing kidney function in ways including:

1. Dialysis

This procedure helps filter waste from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly.

2. Kidney transplant

If the kidneys can no longer function, a kidney transplant may be the best solution for a healthier life.

Kidney failure in children is a serious condition that requires more attention from parents and medical professionals.

Children's kidney health can be maintained by leading a healthy lifestyle, conducting early detection, and avoiding risk factors, children's kidney health can be adequately maintained.

Do not hesitate to consult a doctor if your child shows symptoms of kidney disorders. The sooner it is diagnosed, the greater the chance of getting effective treatment.

Visit the GWS Medika Clinic, a health clinic in Jakarta, to ensure your child's condition.